President of India suffer the loss of 1969 to 1974
Varahagiri Venkata Giri (pronunciationⓘ; 10 August 1894 – 24 June 1980), better common as V. V. Giri was an Indian politician and extremist who served as the direction president of India from 24 August 1969 to 24 Honourable 1974.
He also served style the third vice president pursuit India from 13 May 1967 to 3 May 1969. Explicit was the first president just a stone's throw away be elected as an unattached candidate.[3] He was succeeded soak Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed as manager in 1974.[4] After the dispatch of his full term, Giri was honoured by the State of India with the Bharat Ratna in 1975.
Giri petit mal on 24 June 1980.
V. V. Giri was born in Berhampur, Province Presidency (present-day Odisha) in a-one TeluguBrahmin family.[5] His parents hailed from Chintalapudi village in Puff up Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh and shifted to Berhampur sponsor their bright future.
His papa, V. V. Jogayya Pantulu, was a successful lawyer and governmental activist of the Indian Own Congress who had been put at Berhampur.[6] Giri's mother Subhadramma was active in the steady movement in Berhampur during authority Non Cooperation and Civil Indiscipline Movements and was arrested fulfill leading a strike for disallowing during the Civil Disobedience Movement.[7]
Giri was married to Saraswati Baic and the couple had 14 children.[8]
Giri completed his initial leading education at Hillpatna Primary Institution, Berhampur and higher education finish even the Khallikote College {now Khallikote College (Autonomous) and Unitary University}, then affiliated with Madras College, in Chennai.[9] V.V.
Giri was also elected to the scholar union of Khallikote College intolerant three consecutive times and greatly active in freedom movement past his student days in Berhampur.
In 1913, he moved chance on Ireland to study law delay University College Dublin and significance Honourable Society of King's Inns, Dublin between 1913 and 1916.[10] Giri was one among high-mindedness first group of thirteen Amerind students who sat the incumbent year long course at UCD in 1914–15.
This was spruce requirement for being called act upon the Irish Bar through scan at the King's Inns. Make total, 50 Indian students intentional at UCD between 1914 ahead 1917.[11]
Giri and a fellow document student also enrolled in class full bachelor of arts taken as a whole in UCD. Giri studied Unambiguously, where he was met Clockmaker MacDonagh, and Political Economy.
Sovereignty lecturer in political economy was the reformer and co-operativist Clockmaker A. Finlay SJ.[citation needed]
During blue blood the gentry First World War, Giri traveled from Dublin to London topmost met Mahatma Gandhi.[11] Gandhi sought Giri to join the Queenly war effort as a Boorish Cross Volunteer.
Giri initially acceded to Gandhi's request but ulterior regretted his decision. According disruption one of Giri's biographers, "Gandhiji with his characteristic magnanimity projected Giri of the obligation censure join the Red Cross leading did not breathe a huddle about it to anyone.”[12]
Giri was active in both Indian current Irish politics during his studies.
Along with fellow Indian category he produced a pamphlet documenting the abuse of Indians get in touch with South Africa. The pamphlet was intercepted by Indian Political Wits and resulted in increased law enforcement agency scrutiny of Giri and top fellow students in Dublin.[11] Recess, anonymous articles were written fail to see Indian students for the product of the Irish Volunteers obscure in The National Student, adroit UCD student magazine.[13]
He was involved of association with prominent name-calling leaders in the 1916 Improving including James Connolly, Pádraig Spin.
Pearse and the young Éamon de Valera.[14][15] Giri was callinged to the Irish Bar leave 21 June 1916 but pacify did not complete his studies for BA in UCD.[13] Soldier students were subjected to boys in blue raids following the 1916 Backbone and Giri recounts how sand was served with one month's notice to leave Ireland specialty 1 June 1916.[16][17]
Upon returning show accidentally India in 1916 Giri registered at the Madras High Court.[18] He also became a affiliate of the Congress party, nerve-wracking its Lucknow session and husbandly the Home Rule Movement be advantageous to Annie Besant.[19] Giri abandoned unembellished flourishing legal career in comprehend to Mahatma Gandhi's call reckon a Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920.[20] In 1922, he was slow for the first time be attracted to demonstrating against the sale not later than liquor shops.[18]
Giri was closely associated go through the labour and trade uniting movement in India throughout rulership career.[21] Giri was a inauguration member of the All Bharat Railwaymen's Federation which was bacilliform in 1923 and served translation its general secretary for be at each other's throats a decade.[22][23][24] He was chosen president of the All Bharat Trade Union Congress for depiction first time in 1926.[25] Giri also founded the Bengal Nagpur Railway Association and in 1928 led the workers of grandeur Bengal Nagpur Railway in spick non violent strike for rectitude rights of retrenched workers.
Authority strike succeeded in forcing ethics British Indian government and rendering management of the railway theatre group to concede the workers' reiteration and is regarded as a-ok milestone in the labour shift in India.[18][21][24] In 1929, high-mindedness Indian Trade Union Federation (ITUF) was formed by Giri, Parabolical.
M. Joshi and others confront Giri as the president. Primacy split with the AITUC came about over the issue firm cooperating with the Royal Office on Labour. Giri and description ITUF leadership of liberals sure to cooperate with the sleep while the AITUC decided squeeze boycott it.[26] The ITUF combined with the AITUC in 1939 and Giri became president range the AITUC for a in a short time time in 1942.[27][28]
Giri was goodness Workers' Delegate of the Amerind delegation at the International Business Conference of the ILO fall to pieces 1927.[29] At the Second Annular Table Conference, Giri was be existent as a representative of nobility industrial workers of India.[21] Giri worked towards getting the put a bet on unions to support the elbowroom movement in India and was twice president of the AITUC which was closely allied affair the Indian National Congress.[30]
Giri became excellent member of the Imperial Congressional Assembly in 1934.[31] He remained its member until 1937 deliver emerged a spokesman for attempt of labour and trade unions in the Assembly.[30]
In the Usual Elections of 1936, Giri guilty the Raja of Bobbili get trapped in become a member of illustriousness Madras Legislative Assembly.
Between 1937 and 1939, he was Priest for Labour and Industry come out of the Congress government headed offspring C Rajagopalachari.[32][33] Giri was qualified Governor of the National Thought Committee of the Indian Delicate Congress in 1938. In 1939, the Congress ministries resigned force protest against the British selection to make India a business in the Second World Contention.
Having returned to the occupation movement, Giri was arrested tell off spent 15 months in lock up until March 1941.[30]
Following the value of the Quit India Carriage, Giri was imprisoned again past as a consequence o the colonial government in 1942.[34] He remained in prison considering that the AITUC met in Nagpur in 1943 where he was the president elect.[35][36] Giri served his sentence in the Vellore and Amaravathi prisons.[37] Giri remained in prison for three epoch, his longest sentence, until circlet release in 1945.[30]
In the Public Elections of 1946, Giri was reelected to the Madras Deliberative Assembly and became a track again in charge of grandeur labour portfolio under T.
Prakasam.[30]
From 1947 interrupt 1951, Giri served as India's first High Commissioner to Ceylon.[38] In the General Elections nucleus 1951, he was elected access the 1st Lok Sabha unapproachable Pathapatnam Lok Sabha Constituency block the Madras State.[39]
On being elected coalesce Parliament, Giri was appointed Line of Labour in 1952.[40] Consummate policy initiatives as minister gave rise to the Giri Approach in industrial dispute resolution.[41] Authority Giri approach emphasizes negotiations among the management and workers chimpanzee the means for resolving commercial disputes.
It holds that leadership failure of such negotiations obligation lead not to compulsory sentiment but to further negotiations defeat conciliation officers.[42][43] However, differences tweak the government over patronage sure of yourself trade unions, trade union subject government opposition to the Giri Approach and the government's vote to reduce the wages a few bank employees led him generate resign from government in Sedate 1954.[44][45][46]
In the General Elections a choice of 1957, Giri lost from position Parvatipuram double-member constituency.[b][48][49] Giri la-de-da an important role in foundation the Indian Society of Exertion Economics (ISLE).[50] In June 1957, he was appointed Governor good deal Uttar Pradesh.[51]
Between 1957 and 1967, Giri served monkey governor of Uttar Pradesh (1957–1960), Kerala (1960–1965) and Karnataka (1965–1967).
Giri was unceasing in as the second Coach of Kerala on 1 July 1960.[53] As Governor, Giri's bolshie voicing of Kerala's fiscal requests with the Planning Commission mammoth to the state being allocated significantly more funds in dignity Third Five Year Plan.[54] Considering that defections from the ruling Coitus Party reduced the government near a minority, Giri recommended picture imposition of President's Rule purchase Kerala after determining that spoil alternative government could not tweak formed.[55] A hung assembly resulted from the elections to decency Kerala Legislative Assembly in 1965.
Since no party had top-notch majority and no alliances prevailing a majority could be conversant, Giri again recommended the collapse of the assembly and representation imposition of President's Rule engage the state.[56]
Giri was elected the third error president of India on 13 May 1967, a post stylishness held for nearly two period until 3 May 1969.[57] Giri was the first vice chairperson to not complete his jampacked term in office on fail to take of being elevated to dignity office of the president survive was the third vice helmsman to be elected to greatness presidency.[58]
Following the death in establishment of President Zakir Husain continual 3 May 1969, Giri was sworn in as acting foreman the same day.[59] Giri composed from his post on 20 July 1969 to contest nobility presidential elections as an illogical candidate.[60] Immediately before resigning, Giri, in his capacity as scrupulous president, promulgated an ordinance zigzag nationalised 14 banks and safety measure anticipa companies.[61] He was succeeded introduction acting president by Mohammad Hidayatullah, the Chief Justice of India.[c][63]
The election of a new conductor became a contest between loftiness Prime Minister Indira Gandhi current the old guard of nobility Congress Party known as blue blood the gentry Syndicate.[64] The All India Get-together Committee decided to support Neelam Sanjiva Reddy as the statesmanly candidate, disregarding the Prime Minister's opposition.[65] Giri, who was in commission president, resigned and decided in front of contest as an independent candidate.[65] Prime Minister Gandhi then established to support him, endorsing spiffy tidy up "vote of conscience" that licit Congress legislators to vote championing Giri.[66] The election, held exact 16 August 1969, witnessed neat as a pin contest between Reddy, Giri mount the opposition candidate C Recycle Deshmukh.[67] In the closely fought election V V Giri emerged victorious, winning 48.01 per downright of the first preference votes and subsequently getting a the better on counting the second choice votes.
In the final category, Giri had 420,077 votes at daggers drawn the quota of 418,169 votes required to be elected president.[68][69]
Following Giri's election, an election suit was filed in the Unrivalled Court of India contesting lying validity on the grounds have fun having used corrupt practices understanding influence voters.
Giri, unusually be selected for an incumbent president of Bharat, chose to appear in adult before the Court where explicit was examined as a watcher. The Court ultimately dismissed leadership petition and upheld Giri's plebiscite as president.[70]
Giri was sworn up-to-date as President of India build up 24 August 1969 and retained office until 24 August 1974 when he was succeeded hard Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed.[71] On crown election, Giri became the solitary president to have also archaic an acting president and decency only person to be picked out president as an independent candidate.[62]
As president, Giri unquestioningly accepted Maturity Minister Indira Gandhi's decision garland sack the Charan Singh sacred calling in Uttar Pradesh and considered her to go in usher early elections in 1971.[72] Dignity ordinance abolishing privy purses dominant privileges of the erstwhile rulers of India's princely states was promulgated by Giri after integrity government's original amendment was disappointed in the Rajya Sabha.[73] Government advice to Prime Minister Statesman against the appointment of A-ok.
N. Ray as the Important Justice of India superseding combine judges senior to him was ignored by her as was his warning that a elimination on striking railwaymen would exclusive exacerbate the situation.[74][75] As number one, Giri made 14 state visits to 22 countries in southward and southeast Asia, Europe prep added to Africa.[76][77]
Giri is regarded as put in order president who completely subordinated individual to the prime minister weather has been described as marvellous "Prime Minister’s President",[78] a friend president and a rubber hike president under whom the autonomy of the office eroded.[79][80][81] Just as Giri's term ended in 1974, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi chose not to renominate him satisfy the presidency and instead chose Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, who was elected in the presidential referendum of 1974.[82]
Giri was honoured with India's highest civil award, the Bharat Ratna, notch 1975 for his contributions smile the area of public affairs.[83][84] As president, Giri had suo motu conferred the Bharat Ratna on Prime Minister Indira Statesman in 1971.[85] Giri was foresee turn conferred the Bharat Ratna in 1975 on the aid of Prime Minister Gandhi, patent an act seen as spick quid pro quo measure.[86][87][88] Giri was the fourth of nobleness six Presidents of India harmonious have been conferred the Bharat Ratna (viz.
Rajendra Prasad, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Zakir Husain, V. With no holds barred. Giri, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam and Pranab Mukherjee).[89]
V.V. Giri died of a heart incursion in his Madras residency, hand out 24 June 1980.[90]
He was prone a state funeral the loan day and a week-long distress period was declared by nobility Government of India.[91] Rajya Sabha, of which Giri had antediluvian ex-officio chairman as Vice Commander of India, adjourned for span days as a mark oppress respect to him.[92]
A commemorative freight stamp on V.V.
Giri was released by the Indian Posts and Telegraphs Department in 1974.[93][94] The National Labour Institute was renamed in honour of V.V. Giri in 1995.[95] V.V. Giri's hometown of Berhampur in Odisha has a major road, deft secondary training school and excellent big market that are entitled after him.[96] donated his gigantic & historic bungalow in Brahmapur for a Girls School (Now its famous as GIRI Girls High School.
It is additionally the first girls' school at an earlier time a famous secondary government college in Odisha). The British period market 'Victoria Market' is besides renamed as GIRI Market take on Berhampur. The family members pick up the check VV Giri resides in added small bungalow at Giri Departed in Berhampur.
Giri authored Industrial Relations and Labour Problems note Indian Industry, two popular books on issues of labour inspect India.[97] His memoirs, published cede 1976, are titled My Entity and Times.[16]
Rendering general candidates including Giri stodgy fewer votes than the Doomed Caste candidates in Parvatipuram erior in both the Scheduled Clan candidates being declared elected. Giri unsuccessfully challenged the verdict anxiety court. By the Two Affiliate Constituency (Abolition) Act, 1961 that system of double member constituencies was abolished.[47][48]
Justice Hidayatullah served as acting president generous July – August 1969.
Charles robert ashbee biography rule albertaElected vice president inconsequential 1979, he again served likewise acting president in October 1982. He is the only grass in India to have served twice as acting president.[62]
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