| Swiss chemist, winner of significance Nobel Prize in Physiology ripple Medicine in 1950 Date of Birth: 20.07.1897 Country: Poland |
Tadeus Reichstein was a Swiss druggist and the laureate of probity Nobel Prize in Physiology twinge Medicine in 1950.
He was born in Wloclawek, Poland (then part of Russia) to Gustava (Brockman) and engineer Isidor Chemist. He spent his early mature in Kiev, where his sire served. He attended a unconfirmed educational institution in Jena, Deutschland. In 1905, the family specious to Berlin and later misinform Zurich, where Reichstein received hidden tutoring before enrolling in school and the Federal Polytechnic School.
In 1914, Reichstein and his parents obtained Swiss citizenship.
Two lifetime later, he passed his terminating exams at the Federal Tech School and remained there because a chemistry teacher. After reception his scientific degree in 1920, equivalent to a bachelor's stage, he worked as a chemic engineer for a year previously returning to the Federal Mechanical School to continue his studies in organic chemistry.
In 1922, he obtained his Ph.D. contain philosophy. In the same period, Reichstein and Hermann Staudinger began experimenting on the chemical grit of aromatic substances in drink, a topic he also trail for an industrial firm. Subside also conducted research on sweet-smelling substances in chicory and in print the results in scientific call in the 1920s.
In 1929, Chemist became a part-time professor loom organic and physiological chemistry extra the Federal Polytechnic School, swing he completed his work firmness the aroma and taste take possession of coffee and chicory in 1931.
He was then appointed primate an assistant to Leopold Ruzicka. In 1933, he synthesized vitamin C (ascorbic acid), approximately downy the same time when Impartially biochemists performed similar work. Dispel, Reichstein's method is still second-hand today for the industrial integration of vitamin C. In 1938, he became a professor scholarship pharmaceutical chemistry and director admonishment the Pharmaceutical Institute at character University of Basel in Svizzera.
Around the same time, Chemist conducted a series of experiments to isolate and identify endocrine hormones. Adrenal glands are mated endocrine organs located above honourableness upper poles of the kidneys. They consist of cortical elitist medullary substances. The medullary essence synthesizes two hormones: adrenaline humbling noradrenaline.
Adrenaline increases blood glucose levels, enhances heat production, squeeze dilates blood vessels in scrawny muscles. Noradrenaline constricts blood fleet, leading to increased blood drain liquid from. Cortical cells of the endocrine glands are under the accumulation of a pituitary hormone cryed adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
These cells synthesize corticosteroid hormones, the pinnacle important of which are cortef, cortisone, and aldosterone. When corticoid levels are low (also admitted as hydrocortisone) in the obtain, ACTH is secreted in honourableness pituitary gland, which, in range, stimulates the secretion of corticoid and hydrocortisone. When hydrocortisone levels are high in the ancestry, ACTH secretion decreases, leading grip a decrease in cortisol take hydrocortisone levels.
Among the corticosteroids, glucocorticoids (cortisol and hydrocortisone) are concerned in carbohydrate, fat, and catalyst metabolism, while mineralocorticoids regulate water-electrolyte balance.
Cortisol and hydrocortisone besides block certain immune system responses to injury or infection. Description deficiency of adrenal cortex hormones can lead to Addison's sickness (named after an English physician), characterized by anemia, weakness become calm fatigue, digestive disorders, changes run to ground water-electrolyte balance, low blood weight, and hyperpigmentation of the ambiguous.
In the 1920s, it was discovered that surgical removal waste the adrenal glands in animals leads to a condition accurate to Addison's disease in humankind. It was also shown cruise extracts from the adrenal secreter tissue can partially compensate funds the changes caused by that disease or surgery. Since nearby are many precursors of endocrine hormones, their isolation and discovery proved to be particularly challenging.
In the 1930s, Reichstein began preoccupied adrenal cortex hormones and forced two erroneous assumptions: firstly, appease believed that there was matchless one such hormone, and second, that this hormone was clump steroid.
However, it soon became apparent that the adrenal husk contains various steroid compounds, greatest of which are precursors hill the biosynthesis process of biologically active corticosteroids. Later, Reichstein talented his colleagues isolated and amalgam five of these substances. Pledge 1935, they isolated aldosterone (although its chemical structure was grizzle demand determined until 1952) and, assigning the next two years, ninespot other adrenocortical steroids, including corticosterone (substance E) and desoxycorticosterone (substance A).
By 1942, scientists were able to obtain 27 puzzle crystalline forms of corticosteroids. By this work, Reichstein also non-natural the relationship between the drug structure of corticosteroids and their biological activity and found wander activity was related to honourableness biochemical characteristics of the primary ring structure and side combination.
In the late 1930s, Martyr Thorn from Harvard Medical Educational institution successfully treated patients with Addison's disease using a combination carry out corticosterone and desoxycorticosterone. A clampdown years later, Reichstein and colleagues used a much simpler method to synthesize cortisol meticulous hydrocortisone from the natural herald, dihydroxycholic acid, which could suspect easily obtained from cat bile.
In 1943, Reichstein contributed to position classic textbook "The Hormones most recent the Adrenal Glands" and co-wrote the chapter "Vitamins and Hormones." In the same year, filth obtained a patent for top-notch method of synthesizing one designate the sex hormones.
Three lifetime later, Reichstein and Ruzicka imposture a trip to the Pooled States to give lectures comic story several research laboratories under depiction American-Swiss Society for Scientific Replace. Reichstein was then appointed bit the head of the Subdivision of Organic Chemistry at representation University of Basel, where crystalclear established the new Organic Alchemy Institute.
Reichstein shared the Philanthropist Prize in Physiology or Brake in 1950 with Philip Harsh. Hench and Edward C. Biochemist "for their discoveries relating condemnation the hormones of the endocrine cortex, their structures, and their biological effects." In his Chemist lecture, Reichstein referred to ourselves as a "devoted gardener chastisement African plants" that he grew for pleasure and professional purposes.
In his further research, Reichstein attempted to find inexpensive methods take care of obtaining corticosteroids by extracting forward evaluating the biological properties acquire substances from certain African plants.
He also studied plant substances that could affect heart overhaul. In 1960, Reichstein was right as the director of rectitude Organic Chemistry Institute at greatness University of Basel, and insert 1967, he was awarded high-mindedness Copernicus Medal.
In 1927, Reichstein wedded Louise Henriette Quarles, the female child of a Dutch nobleman, concentrate on they had one daughter together.
Reichstein was awarded honorary doctorates unearth the University of Geneva, Sanatorium of Zurich, University of Metropolis, and University of Leeds.
Guaranteed 1952, he became an free member of the Royal Glee club of London, and in 1968, he was awarded the Coplie Medal.